Science-Reproduction in Animals-Sainik School Class 9 Coaching Center Study Material Notes Jalandhar-Anand Classes

Science-Reproduction in Animals-Sainik School Class 9 Coaching Center Study Material Notes Jalandhar-Anand Classes

ANAND CLASSES study material notes on animal reproduction offer a comprehensive and indispensable resource for Science Class 9 students preparing for the Sainik School entrance exam.

With clear explanations, illustrative examples, interactive activities, and expert guidance from experienced faculty members, students can enhance their understanding of animal reproduction and excel in their academic pursuits.

Access the study material notes today and embark on your journey towards success with ANAND CLASSES

Introduction to Reproduction

• Reproduction is the process of giving rise to offspring.
• Reproduction is essential for the continuation of a species.
• There are two modes of reproduction:

1. Sexual reproduction
2. Asexual reproduction

Asexual reproduction

The type of reproduction in which only a single parent is involved is called asexual reproduction.

• There is no mixing of genetic information.
• For example, buds in Hydra

Sexual reproduction

The type of reproduction, which involves two parents to give rise to an offspring is called sexual reproduction.

• The males and females have different reproductive parts or organs.
• These organs produce the male and female gametes, which fuse together to form the offspring.
• Genetic information from both parents is inherited.
•  For example, humans

Fission

It is a type of asexual reproduction in which a single-celled organism divides into two.

• Division of a nucleus is followed by the division of other cell organelles in the cytoplasm and finally the cytoplasm.
• Thus, two cells are produced from one parent cell.
• Example: Amoeba.
• Amoeba reproduces by binary fission, which is dividing into two cells.

If one parent cell gives rise to many daughter cells, this type of fission is called multiple fission.

Budding

• A bud starts as an outgrowth of the parent body.
• As this bud grows, it becomes a new individual organism.
• In some organisms, the buds remain attached to the parent’s body (example: yeast)
• In some organisms, it detaches from the parent body and develops into a completely mature individual (hydra).
• This type of reproduction is called budding.

Cell Division

• Reproduction essentially involves cell division.
• Without cell division, life will not propagate.
• The two types of reproductive processes involve two different types of cell divisions.

Cell division is the process in which a parent cell divides into two or more daughter cells.

Cell division provides more cells:

• For growth
• Regeneration
• Repair and damage control
• Gamete formation

There are two types of cell division:

1. Mitosis
2. Meiosis

Mitosis

Mitosis is a process where a single cell divides into two identical daughter cells.

• DNA replication occurs once, followed by a single division.
• The number of chromosomes is maintained in this type of division.
• This type of division happens in asexual reproduction.
• It is also used for growth, repair and regeneration of tissues.

Meiosis

This is a cell division in which a single cell divides into four haploid cells.

• DNA replication occurs once followed by two divisions.
• The number of chromosomes are halved in meiosis.
• Meiosis takes place in sex organs to produce haploid gametes.
• Thus, the gametes have only half the number of chromosomes in them.

Sexual Reproduction in Humans

Male reproductive system

• The male reproductive system consists of a pair of testes, a pair of sperm ducts and a penis.
• The testes are located outside the male body.
• Sperms are produced in testes.
• Sperms are the male gametes.

Testosterone

• Testosterone is the primary male sex hormone and is produced by the testes.
• Testosterone is responsible for the development of sex organs, the production of sperm and also the development of secondary sexual characteristics.

Sperms

• Sperms are the male gametes produced by testes in humans.
• Millions of sperms are produced by the testes in a day.
•  Each sperm is a single, microscopic cell having a head, a middle piece and a tail as its parts.
• The head contains a nucleus with a single set of chromosomes.
• The middle piece contains a large number of mitochondria that provide energy during active movement.
• Sperm is a motile gamete which moves through the female reproductive tract with the help of the tail.

Female reproductive system

• The female reproductive system consists of a pair of ovaries, a pair of fallopian tubes (oviducts) and a single uterus.
• Ova are produced by ovaries.
• Fallopian tubes (oviducts) carry the ova from the ovaries to the uterus.
• Uterus holds the growing embryo/foetus and thus helps in holding the pregnancy.

Oestrogen

• Estrogen or oestrogen, is the primary female sex hormone secreted by ovaries.
• It is responsible for the development of female reproductive organs, secondary sexual characteristics, development of female gamete, i.e. Ovum and maintenance of menstrual cycle.

Ovum

• The ovary produces the female gametes known as ovum or ova (plural).
• In human beings, a single mature egg or ovum is released into the oviduct/fallopian tube by the respective side ovary every month.
• The ovum is a single cell and is much larger than the sperm.
• It is non-motile and is carried to the uterus by the oviduct.

Fertilization

Fertilization is the process of fusion of the male gamete with the female gamete.

• Both the gametes containing haploid (single) sets of chromosomes fuse and thus maintain the diploid (double) number of chromosomes.
• The fertilized ovum is now called a zygote.
• In human fertilization takes place in the fallopian tube, and then the zygote is carried to the uterus.
• Inside the uterus, it undergoes repeated divisions and grows and becomes an embryo.

About ANAND CLASSES Study Material

Reproduction in animals is a fundamental aspect of life sciences, playing a crucial role in the continuity of species. For students preparing for the Sainik School entrance exam, a comprehensive understanding of animal reproduction is essential. ANAND CLASSES, a distinguished coaching center in Jalandhar, led by esteemed faculty Er. Neeraj Anand, offers specialized study material notes tailored to enhance students' understanding of animal reproduction in Science Class 9.

Exploring Animal Reproduction through Study Material Notes:

ANAND CLASSES' study material notes on animal reproduction provide students with a comprehensive overview of key concepts, processes, and mechanisms involved in the reproductive biology of animals. These notes serve as an invaluable resource for students seeking to master this critical topic.

Key Features of ANAND CLASSES' Study Material Notes:

1. Comprehensive Coverage: The study material notes cover all essential aspects of animal reproduction as prescribed in the Class 9 Science curriculum. Topics include reproductive organs, gametogenesis, fertilization, gestation, and reproductive strategies across different animal species.

2. Conceptual Clarity: Each concept is presented in a clear and concise manner, ensuring that students grasp the underlying principles of animal reproduction. Complex processes such as spermatogenesis, oogenesis, and embryonic development are explained with clarity, supported by diagrams and illustrations for better comprehension.

3. Illustrative Examples: ANAND CLASSES' study material notes include illustrative examples and case studies to elucidate key concepts and highlight variations in reproductive strategies among different animal taxa. These examples help students relate theoretical knowledge to real-world scenarios and enhance their understanding of animal reproduction.

4. Interactive Activities: The study material notes incorporate interactive activities and thought-provoking questions to engage students actively in the learning process. These activities encourage critical thinking, problem-solving, and application of knowledge, fostering a deeper understanding of animal reproduction.

5. Exam-Oriented Preparation: The study material notes are designed to align with the format and style of questions commonly encountered in the Sainik School entrance exam. Practice questions, sample papers, and model answers are provided to help students prepare effectively and build confidence in tackling exam-related queries.

Faculty Expertise:

Er. Neeraj Anand, with his vast experience and expertise in teaching science, leads ANAND CLASSES' faculty team in providing high-quality education and guidance to students. His commitment to student success and profound knowledge of the subject matter make ANAND CLASSES a trusted choice for Sainik School exam preparation.